Inferential and Descriptive Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Inferential and Descriptive Statistics - Essay Example In order to undertake inferential statistics changes should be made in the analysis of the data, frequencies should be recorded for the gender, for the right handed or left handed variable and for the preferred T shirt variable which should be treated as a dummy variable, for the income, age and grade variable, the mean, standard deviation and variance should be determined. A hypothesis should be formulated following the analysis of the central tendency of the data, for example a hypothesis may aim at finding out whether more participants prefer the red T shirt, another hypothesis may be aimed at finding out whether more male prefer the red T shirt or whether more female prefer red shirt. Finally in order to undertake inferential statistics the sampling method should be random, this involves selecting an appropriate method which will ensure that data is reliable. Example a random sample or cluster sample should be selected. The random sample ensures that the population is properly represented and that if another study is undertaken a study will yield the same results. There are a number of advantages associated with inferential statistics, one of the advantages is that inferential statistics will provide more information than descriptive statistics, for example descriptive statistics regarding the gender variable will indicate percentages of male and female participants, inferential statistics will involve determining the percentage of male, and also will also involve an analysis of the gross income for the year 1993. Inferential statistics may involve determining whether the average male gross income is greater than the average female income in 1993. Further inferential statistics will also provide information regarding the relationship between variables as shown in the above example. Another advantage of inferential statistics is that it reveals causes and effects, for example gender may influence preference. The other advantage is that inferential statistics helps in prediction, for example results may help in predicting the level of demand for both types of T Shirts. This form of analysis also has an advantage in that it provides convincing results which are widely accepted, hypothesis or theory under test in a study will require inferential statistics such as chi square tests, the results are compared and a conclusion is made regarding the hypothesis or theory. Therefore inferential statistics has an advantage over descriptive statistics whereby inferential statistics will aid in making conclusion about the data. Conclusion: From the above discussion it is evident that there are a number of changes that should be undertaken in the analysis in order to perform inferential statistics, frequencies and measures of central tendencies should be determined. A hypothesis should be stated that will be tested in order to make conclusions. There are number of advantages associated with inferential statistics which include the fact that inferential analysis will provide more information, reveal cause and effect and help in making conclusion that widely acceptable. Reference: Cheng Lee and Lee C. J. (2000) Statistics For Business And Financial Economics, Prentice Hall Publishers, New Jersey.

Group Development Essay Example for Free

Group Development Essay First, here is a summary of the development stages of a team. In the forming stage, team members come togetherand form initial impressions. They socialize in order to get to know each other and bond with other team members. In the storming stage, team members experience hostility and infighting over tasks and how the team works. In the norming stage, team members start to come together and realize what needs to be accomplished. In the performing stage, team members are well-organized and well-functioningand maintain a positive balance. In the adjourning stage, team members achieve closure when the project is accomplished. At the end of the cask study the team is still in the storming phase of team development. The team has not fully come together. There is still some infighting with Mike and the presence of cliques is developing, for example, the situation in the cafeteria. Overall, I think there is tension within the team. Christine’s leadership abilities could benefit by having knowledge of the stages of group development. Aside from the very first meeting Mike was not present at any subsequent meetings. He missed out on the forming stage of team development. During this stage Mike could have talked with the team about his outside distractions, job and girlfriend, that may prevent him from fully participating at the meetings, and on the project. If Christine had some knowledge of team development she would have recognized this lapse in the forming stage and could have been able to address this issue with Mike before it became a bigger problem. Christine, as the team leader, could have pulled Mike aside and talked to him about the importance of attending the meetings. She could have spoke with him after the cafeteria incident to reassure him that he was not being excluded, but that all the team members being there was truly a coincidence. Also, she could have told Mike her opinion about how she felt he had a lot to offer the team, the value of his contributions and how it would help with the success of the team. PART II – Problem Identification The primary problem that appears in this case is Christine’s lack of knowledge in team development and as a team leader. The secondary problem is Mike’s unwillingness to contribute to the team. Since Christine did not have knowledge of team development or experience she was ineffective as the team leader. She could have organized the team better by assigning tasks’, scheduling meetings in advance, and possible scheduling a team building event to solidify the forming stage of development. Mike was the second problem to overall team success. Although Mike had issues outside of the team he should have talked to the team at the beginning and asked for assistance and support. After the incident in the cafeteria Mike simply walked away. He should have stayed for a few minutes and discussed the situation with the other members. I don’t fell Mike did his part to interact with the team to enhance the forming stage of development. After the first meeting he immediately set himself as an outsider. Christine as a leader must understand the each group of individuals is going to have its own personality, both individually and collectively. When you understand the needs of each member, and the dynamic that each one brings to the group, then and only then, are you able to develop a strategy to utilize team development to achieve the groups ultimate goal. The goal is to complete a quality project on time. If Christine’s knowledge of team synergy, social facilitation, and overall team effectiveness would have server her well in her role as project leader. Lastly, Christie needs to learn how to assign tasks based on the strengths, and weaknesses of each team member. Other members of the team each had something to offer, including Mike. He was classified as a clown. Clowns tend to be very spontaneous in their thinking; this is a possible source of new and innovative ideas. This should have been communicated to Mike as well as the rest of the team. PART III – Retrospective Evaluation In order for Christine to solve her primary problem two things need to occur. First, Christine should take a class in organization behavior. Understanding the team development process, as well as, team effectiveness, and teams in an organization will definitely help Christine. She will be able to understand, and identify positive and negative aspects of her project team and would have been able to implement steps to correct any deficiencies. The second aspect was Christine’s lack of effectiveness and her inability to integrate Mike into the team. After the first meeting which Mike attended, the problems started. Mike did not make meeting, and was submitting hand written notes. Christine should have structured a meeting that Mike could attend, or scheduled a team building social event. in addition, she could have started reviewing his notes with the other team members at the meetings since he was not there to do it himself. This would at least have given the other team members the knowledge that Mike was making an effort on his part of the project. PART IV – Reflection In my opinion Christine was presented with a challenge that was way above her level of experience. Her lack of knowledge in team development, and as a team leader was evident in the project team. The team did not make it past the storming phase, and therefore never fully developed into an efficient team. She failed to integrate one individual into the team. This caused friction within the team and left one section of the project incomplete with one week remaining until the deadline. Overall, I do not believe Christine was an effective group leader. REFERENCES 1. Schermerhorn, J.R. Jr.,Osborn, R.N., Uhl-Bien, M., Hunt, J.E., Organizational Behavior 12th Edition (2012), John Wiley Sons, Danvers, MA.

Birth of a Nation Essay -- essays research papers

On March 3, 1915 the movie The Birth of a Nation was released at the Liberty Theatre in New York City. This film was financed, filmed, and released by the Epoch Producing Corporation of D.W. Griffith and Harry T. Aitken. It was one of the first films to ever use deep-focus shots, night photography, and to be explicitly controversial with the derogatory view of blacks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the movie, the film justified the need of the KKK in order to keep social harmony among society after the Civil War. In the beginning, the Cameron family was depicted as loving family and the slaves were depicted as sensible and content beings during the slave period. The chaos and madness started after the civil war during the Reconstruction period. Blacks were then portrayed as animalistic savages that were oppressing the rights of the white people in the community and threatened their livelihood. So, African Americans could only be placed into two categories in this movie. They were either the faithful servant or the renegade whose objective was to intimidate and terrorize white people. The black slaves are shown as noble beings that defended their masters against other black people. However, the black people in congress are shown as arrogant and ignorant with no manners. This sort of subtly suggest that blacks proper role is to tend to the land and that they lack the sense and morals to be given them the same equality as a white person. If blacks were on the same le...

The Bretton Woods System Essay -- Economics

The theme of this essay outlines two things. One, the key elements of Bretton woods system and second, the characterisation of Bretton woods system by Ruggie as ‘embedded liberalism’, and how far he succeeds in it. The Bretton woods system is widely referred to the international monetary regime, which prevailed from the end of the World War 2 until the early 1970s. After the end of the World War 2, the need of international monetary framework to boost trade and economic; growth and stability, was important. Taking its name from the site of the 1944 conference, attended by all forty-four allied nations; the Bretton Woods system consisted of four key elements. First, to make a system in which each member nation has to fix or peg his currency exchange rate against the gold or U.S. dollar, as the key currency. Secondly, the free exchange of currencies between countries at the established and fixed exchange rate; plus or minus a one-percent margin. Thirdly, to create an institutional forum, so-called International Monetary Fund (IMF), for the international co-operation on money matters: to set up, stabilize, and watch over exchange rates. Fourth, to remove all the existing exchange controls limiting (protectionism) policies by the members, on the use of its currency for international trade. In practice the first scheme, as well as its later development and final demise, were directly dependent on the preferences and policies of its most powerful member, the United States. According to John Gerard Ruggie, 1982, this Bretton woods system of monetary co-operation represented the type of liberalism which characterise â€Å"domestic social economic stability along with a liberal trading order.† He referred this system as ‘embed... ...aracterised Bretton woods system as ‘embedded liberalism’ to show how market forces were surrounded by social and political constraints. Embedded liberalism thus signifies a compromise between the excessive free international market economics and the excessive domestic protectionist policies. Ruggie embedded liberalism represented an enclosed international liberal trade within the post-war consensus of fixed exchange rates and capital controls. The fixed exchange rate helped to promote stable liberal trade by removing any future uncertainty in exchange rate movements. Whereas for domestic social and economic stability, national government would use capital controls. All these practices were the key elements of Bretton woods system and also constitute the institution of embedded liberalism. Hence, Bretton woods system can be characterised as ‘embedded liberalism’.

Baroque Art Essay

This paper will start with an explanation of what Baroque art is. Baroque art is art that utilizes the effects between lightness and darkness. We will begin by looking at three paintings from the Baroque period. The first painting we will be discussing from the Baroque period is Annibale Carracci’s Pieta. A pieta is a sculpture or painting of the Virgin Mary holding Jesus Christ after his crucifixion. This particular pieta was done by the artist Annibale Carracci from Bologna, Italy. Annibale’s Pieta depicts the Virgin Mary holding her son Jesus Christ after his crucifixion. Annibale used his lighting very well in this painting. Because of the way he used the lighting in his painting it made Jesus Christ the main figure, but still managed to have the Virgin Mary in the center along with Jesus. Annibale painted Mary in a soft blue, which contrasted well with the paleness of Jesus Christ. Annibale painted the look of sorrow onto Mary’s face and out stretched her left hand as if she was questioning how this could happen to her. This painting has so much detailed to it, along with Mary and Jesus there are also two angels in the painting: one angel scrutinizes the crown of thorns, while the other mourns while holding Jesus’ hand. Annibale Carracci was a well-known and admired painter that helped create the Baroque style. Annibale Carracci, along with his brother and cousin founded the Accademia degli Incamminati, which translates to the Academy of progressives. Later in the 15th century the Carracci family was painting some of the most advanced paintings throughout Europe. Annibale created a new broken brushwork style to capture movement and the effects of light on form (Christiansen, Keith. 2003). This new style resulted in paintings being put inside churches. The fresco painting on the ceiling of Pope Farnese’s Palace was Annibale’s greatest masterpiece. The second painting from the Baroque Period is The Entombment by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio. The symmetry of the group of people in this painting is miraculous . This painting shows everyone bowing down or bending towards Jesus, showing that his death has an impact not only emotionally but physically on them. The look of terror and shock is remarkably captured in this painting. The group of people look traumatized at the death of their beloved Savior Jesus Christ, however at the same time they look relieved. I love how Caravaggio illustrates these people. He doesn’t make the people beautiful or extravagant looking, he makes them look like ordinary people. Just as Annibale used the lightness and darkness as did Caravaggio, bringing out the drama and suspense of the moment. Caravaggio was a wild and carefree person. He believed in truth, that not everyone was beautiful or heroic as they are made to seem. He refused to portray the human individual as sublime, beautiful and heroic (Christiansen, Keith 2003). During Caravaggio’s time the Catholic Church had complete control of what was considered to be acceptable art if it wasn’t deemed acceptable by the church then it wasn’t art. Caravaggio disdained the masters of the Renaissance and the mannerist style (Sayre 2010). In the Baroque Period, religion was the best thing you could paint about, this is the only topic that would be profitable. The third painting from the Baroque Period is Belshazzar’s feast by Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn. The painting displays King Belshazzar and his visitants feasting while using the holy items from the Jewish temple. Rembrandt depicts a moment when a glorious hand appears in right to the inscription on the wall when transliterated the inscription reads: MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN; meaning ‘God has numbered the days of your kingdom and brought it to an end; you have been weighed in the balances and found wanting; your kingdom is given to the Medes and Persians. ‘. â€Å"Rembrandt | Belshazzar’s Feast | NG6350 | The National Gallery, London†, 2004) . After that night, King Belshazzar was killed. Rembrandt utilizes the light in this painting to give light more effect the hand. The main figure is King Belshazzar who is struck with fear as the hand continues to write on the wall. Not only is the King and shock but so are all his adversaries. Rembrandt uses chiaroscuro in his painting by outlining the outside of the painting in a dark color. Chiaroscuro is the contrast of light and dark to create atmosphere, drama, and emotion (Sayre, 2010). Rembrandt was asked what he truly wanted to achieve through his art, he stated â€Å"the greatest and most natural movement† translated from die meeste ende di naetuereelste beweechgelickheijt (encyclopedia. stateuniversity, 2010. He didn’t want the subjects of his paintings in poses contrived as was the case in Mannerist style. (Sayre, 2010). His main goal was to portray the naturalness of the human body. In Holland, during the 16th-century at the Utrecht school Italianate architecture continued because of most of its attendance, especially the notable Gerard van Honthorst. He later traveled to Italy where he met Caravaggio and was inspired by his work. The Utrecht school artists ended up influencing Pieter Lastman with their styles of using lightness and darkness. Pieter ended up becoming Rembrandts, therefore providing a monolithic background for what would become known as Dutch Art. All three of examples I chose are religious; depicting an important scene from the bible. The first two paintings show Jesus Christ after his crucifixion. The third painting is from the Old Testament from the prophet Daniel. All three paintings used lightness and darkness to add drama to their paintings as well as chiaroscuro. These paintings show characters are very lifelike as well as the difference of chiaroscuro from its very beginning to it being perfected by Rembrandt. There are differences within these paintings. The way emotion is depicted upon each of the characters faces in every painting is different. What shocked me the most was that the The Pieta depicting the crucifixion showed the least detailed emotion. You see that Mary is grieving and is in sorrow but in the entombment the emotion is really detailed upon the faces of everyone. However, I believe Rembrandts Belshazzar’s feast has most emotional of all three paintings. You can actually see the fear and terror upon their faces. Also, the use lighting is more evident in Rembrandt paintings and his characters look more realistic; whereas in the Pieta the characters are perfect and beautiful when they’re supposed to be mourning the death of their loved one. In comparison to the Entombment the Pieta was the least dramatic and emotional of the two. Through these paintings you can see how the church has influence over the art and how it changes throughout the centuries. You can also see how each painter understands chiaroscuro. For instance, Rembrandt perfected it whereas Annibale merely understood it. While studying this I learned that art styles progress throughout the years, sometimes getting better and sometimes becoming worse.

Importance of E

Importance of E Aims, objectives, Research Questions Electric bikes use an electric motor to move it around. They are always fitted with some rechargeable batteries thus they are able to move for longer distances without experiencing any mechanical problems.The company which introduced the bikes currently records higher sales turn out implying that it is liked by many people across the world (Lippman B2012, p. 147).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Importance of E-Bikes as an Alternative Commuting System for Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, the traditional bikes and motorcycles are almost fading away since a number of people have considered it to be more convenient cheap and environmental friendly.For instance, it leads to the reduction of carbon dioxide in the air.Electronic bikes have gained popularity over the years (Cohn 2008, p. 144). Consequently, it is being used in most of the developed countries arou nd the world. In a number of countries around the world, electric bicycles are not regarded as motor vehicles since they are operated with minimum traffic rules (Weiss 2002).  Due to rapid population and economic growth, approximately, 80million people have e-bikes. Additionally, the sales of the bikes have been steadily increasing over the past years. A number of people in Saudi Arabia are currently using the electronic bicycles because of its convenience (Sperling, Gordon Schwarzenegger 2009, p. 287). A number of people majorly use the bikes for transport purposes hence Saudi Arabia has been able to improve its economy. Besides, it is preferred by many people because it is environmental friendly (Gilbert Perl 2007, p. 388). Various researches will be carried out to establish the impact of the e-bikes on the local people and the Saudi Arabian government. Additionally, the research will be done to establish the efficiency of the electronic bikes (Vacca, 2009). It will also deter mine how the bikes are environmental friendly (Westby 2004). The other major aim of the research is to investigate the trend of its sale in the local Saudi Arabian market (Kurtz 2013, p. 289). Moreover, the research will try to answer questions like how the use of e-bikes is more advantageous than the traditional bikes. It will also determine the approximate number of people who are able to purchase the bikes and their opinions (Association of College and Research Libraries 1964, 168). The above research will try to explain why electric bicycles have minimum traffic rules compared to other means of transport like vehicles and trains. In addition, the research to be carried out will not only explain the few limitations of using the bicycle but also how it has affected the living standards of Saudi Arabian people (Boxwel Boxwell 2011, p. 169).Advertising Looking for proposal on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Lear n More Methodology There are a number of methods that will be applied when trying to answer the research questions. A lot of survey will be done to validate the efficiency of using the electric bikes (Stowell Welch 2012). People’s opinion will be obtained through the provision of some questionnaires that will contain some elaborate information wanted. Research will also be carried out both in rural and urban areas to establish how the bikes have affected the living standard of the Saudi Arabian citizens (Stewart 2010). To establish the rate at which people are purchasing the bikes, selling records from some of the dealers will be used (Boxwell2010, p. 386). In addition, some government records indicating the number of electric bike users who have broken the traffic rules will be used. Consequently, this will help establish their efficiency in terms of damages. The whole analytical framework will be carried out in two stages. The first stage will be carrying out vario us interviews while the second stage will be the main survey. The main goal of the interviewers will be to find a synopsis of the electric bikes. The other aim will be to obtain some internal information the can be vital in the development of the questionnaires.  Upon the data collection from different sources, a comprehensive analysis should be executed. Critically, two main theses were developed. The first thesis proposed that Saudi Arabians had a positive attitude towards social studies. They were the only group actively involved in their studies. Moreover, teacher’s enthusiasm also led to the positive response. The second thesis proposed that, the presence or lack of the observable practical values was the main contributing factor to the Saudi Arabian’s negative perception of social studies. The analysis of the study should be sufficient since the researchers were able to obtain first hand information from the affected Saudi Arabians. Saudi Arabia should be able to give its experiences concerning social studies. Thus, the information obtained by the researchers was accurate in regard to analysis. Additionally, improved systems of solving environmental problems and administrative practices were believed to have contributed to the positive attitude. Conversely, a number of Saudi Arabians were still having a negative perception on social issues. Most of them based their views on the irrelevancy of the subject. Besides, some Saudi Arabians had taken the social study classes to be dull and boring. Critically, the methodology to be used, data analysis, results, and conclusions should be interrelated. The procedure for data analysis entailed both the earlier and subsequent steps (Research methods groups, 2012). Besides, results will not be obtained without data analysis. It is from these results that the conclusions will be made.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Importance of E-Bikes as an Alternative Commuting System f or Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brief literature review According to Tom Ayres, an individual does not need to go for any driving school to learn how to ride the electric bicycle. Additionally, use of the electric bicycles does not need any license or insurance (Straub 2008). The funds and other operational costs like fuel do not need a lot of money. Moreover, an individual is able to save a lot of money that he could have spent on parking and bridge tolls. Consequently, it becomes more convenient means of transport in Saudi Arabia compared to other means of transport. The other advantage of using e-bikes is that it does not cost a lot of money to obtain hence it can be acquired by poor people. Therefore, most people are able to improve their living standards by living a better life. According to statistics, there are few accidents that are associated with this type of bicycle hence a lot of people prefer using it rather tha n using other means of transport (Singhal 2007). For instance, the number of deaths that had been reported is lower compared to other means of transport. Consequently, the country has realized a lot of revenue from the sale of petrol that is being used by a number of people. The other advantage of using electric bicycles is that it reduces traffic jams in major towns hence the country is able to move forward in terms of development (Kock 2007). As discussed earlier, using electric bikes is more convenient since it can move in rocky areas where vehicles and other means of transport can be used. Additionally, it is considered to be faster as it is not affected by traffic congestion (Rakus-Andersson 2009). Health wise, electric bikes are used by a number of people for physical fitness. Statistics indicate that the rate of obesity in Saudi Arabia is steadily decreasing since people are able to use the e-bicycles for their physical fitness. It also has a high resale value. For instance, it costs a lot to buy compared to other machines that are not original (Wendell Cecil 1973). Another research indicates that Saudi Arabians regard social environmental protection and greener commuting as a vital subject. The Saudi Arabians portrayed social studies as a mystifying subject that is incongruent with their future dreams and academic expectations (Ragsdell 2002). Agreeably, the results obtained were adequate since improved systems of greener commuting were interesting to the Saudi Arabians. Additionally, negative perceptions are experienced because the education system has not adopted an appropriate way of addressing the current issues on environmental issues. Conclusively, the number of Saudi Arabians who had bad attitude towards greener commuting and use of E-Bikes studies was moderate (Werner Desimone 2009). This was contrary to the results of the previous research studies.Advertising Looking for proposal on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other research concluded that the Saudi Arabian’s attitude towards greener commuting and use of E-Bikes is determined by their commitments. It is important to note that the research will answer questions like how the use of e-bikes is more beneficial than the traditional bikes. It is also important to determine the approximate number of people who are able to purchase the bikes and their opinions (Association of College and Research Libraries 1964, 168). Most researches have tried to explain why electric bicycles have minimum traffic rules compared to other means of transport like vehicles and trains (Khosrowpour, 2000). Concurrently, the research to be carried out will not only explain the few limitations of using the bicycle but also how it has affected the living standards of Saudi Arabian people (Boxwel Boxwell 2011, p. 169). Resources needed One of the resources needed in this study is money. Consequently, a lot of money is required for carrying out the various inte rviews (Pane 2006, p. 61). The other resource needed is the manpower that will be responsible for carrying out the surveys and interviews. Other resources required are office supplies, computers and other devices that can be used in measurement and interviews (Marsden Wright 2010, p. 37). Additionally, it will also depend on the time that the survey is expected to last. For instance, quick surveys will require few resources compared to surveys that are carried out for a longer period of time (Melnick Everitt 2008). Energy is the major focus of most significant economic, environmental and developmental concerns within the modern society. Clean, cheap and dependable energy services are indispensable for the worldwide affluence (Schein 1988). Emerging nations, specifically, should expand their access to reliable and present energy services if they need to lessen poverty and advance the health of their people. Concurrently, they need to upsurge productivity, improve competitiveness an d promote the overall global economic growth (Dougherty Dougherty 2009). The current energy sources are not enough to serve the requirements of underprivileged citizens. Consequently, threatens the realization of the MDGs. For example, if there is an inadequate supply of reliable energy services, institutions such as hospitals and schools can never operate smoothly (Kock 2007). List of References Association of College and Research Libraries1964, Choice: publication of the Association of College and Research Libraries, a division of the American Library Association, American Library Association, Chicago, IL. Boxwell, M 2010, Owning an electric car, Warwickshire, Greenstream Pub, New York, NY. Boxwell, M., Boxwell, M 2011, The 2011 electric car guide: your guide to buying and owning an electric car, Greenstream Pub, London. Cohn, L 2008, Transportation and development innovative best practices 2008: proceedings of the first international symposium, April 24-26, 2008, Beijing, China , American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA. Dougherty, A Dougherty, M 2009, Psychological consultation and collaboration in school and community settings, Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning, Belmont, CA. Gilbert, R Perl, A 2007, Transport revolutions: moving people and freight without oil, Earthscan, London. Khosrowpour, M 2000, Challenges of information technology management in the 21st century: 2000 Information Resources Management Association International Conference, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, May 21-24, 2000, Idea Group Publishing, Hershey, PA. Kock, N 2007, Information systems action research an applied view of emerging concepts and methods, Springer, New York, NY. Kurtz, D 2013, Contemporary marketing / David L. Kurtz, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. Lippman, T 2012, Saudi Arabia on the edge: the uncertain future of an American ally, Potomac Books, Washington, DC. Marsden, V Wright, D 2010, Handbook of survey research, Emerald, Bingley, UK. Melnick, E Everitt, B 2008, Encyclopedia of quantitative risk analysis and assessment, John Wiley, West Sussex, England. Pane, J 2006, Saudi Arabian displacement in Louisiana after the hurricanes of 2005: experiences of public schools and their Saudi Arabians, Rand, Santa Monica. Ragsdell, G 2002, Systems theory and practice in the knowledge age: [Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference of the UK Systems Society on Systems Theory and Practice in the Knowledge Age, held in July 7-10, 2002 in York, United Kingdom, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. Rakus-Andersson, E 2009, Recent advances in decision making, Springer, Berlin. Schein, E 1988, Process Consultation, Vol.1. Reading, Addison – Wesley, Hoboken, NJ. Singhal, A 2007, Data warehousing and data mining techniques for cyber security, Springer, New York, N.Y. Sperling, D., Gordon, D Schwarzenegger, A 2009, Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Stewart, M 2010, Network securit y firewalls VPNs, Ont, Jones Bartlett Learning, Mississauga. Stowell, F Welch, C 2012, The managers guide to systems practice: making sense of complex problems, Wiley, Chichester. Straub, W 2008, Information security: Policy, processes and practices, Sharpe, Armonk, NY. Vacca, R 2009, Computer and information security handbook, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Weiss, A 2002, Process Consulting: How to Launch, Implement, and Conclude Successful Consulting Project, Jossey-Bass, New York, NY. Wendell, L. F. Cecil, B 1973, Organization development: behavioral science interventions for organization improvement, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Werner, J Desimone, R 2009, Human resource development, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason OH. Westby, R 2004, International guide to cyber security, ABA Publ, Chicago, Ill.

What Are Variables in Computer Programs

What Are Variables in Computer Programs A variable is a way of referring to a storage area in a computer program. This memory location holds values- numbers, text or more complicated types of data like payroll records. Operating systems load programs into different parts of the computers memory so there is no way of knowing exactly which memory location holds a particular variable before the program is run. When a variable is assigned a symbolic name like employee_payroll_id, the compiler or interpreter can work out where to store the variable in memory. Variable Types When you declare a variable in a program, you specify its type, which can be chosen from integral, floating point, decimal,  boolean or nullable types. The type tells the compiler how to handle the variable and check for type errors. The type also determines the position and size of the variables memory, the range of values that it can store  and the operations that can be applied to the variable. A few basic variable types include: int - Int is short for integer. It is used to define numeric variables holding whole numbers. Only negative and positive whole numbers can be stored in int variables.   null - A nullable int has the same range of values as int, but it can store null in addition to whole numbers. char - A char type consists of Unicode characters- the letters that represent most of the written languages.   bool - A bool is a fundamental  variable type that can take only two values: 1 and 0, which correspond to true and false.   float, double and decimal - these three types of variables handle whole numbers, numbers with decimals and fractions. The difference between the three lies in the range of values. For example, double is twice the size of float, and it accommodates more digits. Declaring Variables Before you can use a variable, you have to declare it, which means you have to assign it a name and a type. After you declare a variable, you can use it to store the type of data you declared  it to hold. If you try to use a variable that hasnt been declared, your code wont compile.  Declaring a variable in C# takes the form: data_type variable_list; The variable  list consists of one or more identifier names separated by commas. For example:   int i, j, k;   char c, ch; Initializing Variables Variables are assigned a value using an equal sign followed by a constant. The form is: data_type  variable_name value; You can assign a value to a variable at the same time you declare it or at a later time. For example:   int i 100;   or   short a;int b;double c;   /*actual initialization */a 10;b 20;c a b; About C#   C# is an object-oriented language that does not use any global variables. Although it could be compiled, it is almost always used in combination with the .NET framework, therefore applications written in C# are run on computers with .NET installed.

Improve Your Writing Income with These Five Golden Options

Improve Your Writing Income with These Five Golden Options If you dabble in anything writing, you know it shares a similarity  to any ordinary business seasons. Businesses experience boom or recession;  writers experience feast or famine. To escape this cycle, writers capitalize in two ways: finding retainer clients and collecting a plethora of clients. But do you know there are other options that can help beat the challenges of seasons? Here are six alternative revenue sources to engage in as a writer. 1. Social media management Social media management may involve writing social media teasers to jazz up social content. It is also about managing/moderating social media groups or pages through writing or sharing social posts, commenting, and interacting with the audience for clients with a large social following. Have an idea/expertise on how to run a social media page successfully or how to deal with influencers? Share your credentials on  Social Media Manager Pro Directory,  AngelList,  Indeed, or  LinkedIn  to find assignments suitable with this skill set. 2. Content pruning/editing/author website manager Content pruning seeks to eliminate or update non-performing content and duplicated pieces that have lost meaning or weigh  down a site. The aim is to improve a sites health, search, and SEO ranking. Website managers write the metadata for webpages and blog entries: writing subject lines/ headlines, uploading pieces to CMS, providing quality, licensed images and videos, and engaging blog readers They also edit ebooks, webinar, courses, novels, manuscripts, and articles submitted To land assignments of these types, check out  Reedsy,  Scribophile,  Scribendi,  Servicescape, and  Book-Editing.com. Other places to find editorial appointments are on professional editorial directories like  Society for Editors and Proofreaders  (SfEP) and  Editorial Freelancers Association  (EFA). 3. Email writing and marketing campaign Email writing is yet another avenue you can explore, separate from article writing. With its low barrier to entry, email marketing/writing generates a higher ROI compared to article writing while remaining as the best method to promote solutions to an audience. Places to find email writing assignments are  Reedsy,  Indeed,  LinkedIn, and  ZipRecruiter. 4. Writing contests, personal essays and poetry Many freelance writers never think of adding writing contest or poems to  their portfolios. To find yearly writing contest and poems, visit  Sapiens Plurum,  The Smart Set,  32poems,  The  Poetry Foundation,  Rattle,  American Poetry Review,  The New Yorker, and  The Paris Review. For short stories, you can view guidelines at  StoryMagazine.org,  The Atlantic,  The New Yorker, and  The Threepenny Review. 5. Writing a

Warren court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Warren court - Essay Example Reapportionment refers to the powers of the political establishment i.e. the legislative branch of the government to the voting districts being redrawn according to the census every ten years. The court, after a protracted process of decision making arrived at a conclusion after about one year after it was argued. It is believed that the court was led by Justice Brennan into holding that the issue was justiciable i.e. it can be put up for judicial review. The study will focus on the judgments during Warren court. It will examine the balance of powers between the judicial and legislative branches of government, and broadly deal with the powers of the judiciary of review of political actions. The study will take into account the judgments of the Warren court in general and explore how the judgments shaped the change from the Supreme Court's political question doctrine, which is understood to mean that a federal Court may refuse to rule in a case where either of the grounds; that the Constitution has provided for another branch of the federal government to decide the subject matter, that there are inadequate standards for the court to apply or that the Court feels it is prudent not to interfere. The Warren Court decisively overrode these guidelines, and dealt with cases in which most decisions that have shaped the U. S.

Understanding Christianity from an Aristotelian point of view Essay

Understanding Christianity from an Aristotelian point of view - Essay Example This paper will compare and contrast the characterization of God in the Summa Theologica and the neo-Platonist view. Both the summa theological and neo-Platonism account for the existence of a superior being or God. In the summa theological, Aquinas advances arguments that seek to establish and prove God’s existence (Brian 22). Aquinas states that there is a God simply because the world itself needs him as an explanation. The first part of the Summa Theologica concludes by Aquinas quipping that God cannot fail to exist. Aquinas proposes that the world cannot function with such efficiency without a grand architect who is God (Edward & Aquinas 39). The smoothness with which the world functions cannot be created by chance but must be the product of God’s work. Aquinas in his first three arguments aims at explaining the existence of God by accounting for the change in the physical world, the presence of the physical world, and existence in itself. Neo-Platonism also accepts the existence of the one who is infinite (Albert 30). The one gets painted as the source of life and the sole cause of the only real existence. The one is the source of all life. The one is beyond all forms of being. The one gets portrayed as the most reality and a source of less real things. The one is a divine power that is complete and self-sufficient (Remes 132). The Summa Theologica and neo-Platonism acknowledge the existence of a superior being who is all-knowing. The summa theological derives its characterization of God from an Aristotelian point of view (Brian 103). The neo-platonic conception of the one gets derived from Plato’s teachings. The Summa Theologica rejects the idea of the neo-Platonists that knowledge of the Supreme Being gets based on ideas and forms that exist in the mind (Aquinas & Edward 93). Aquinas disputes Plato’s view that knowledge gets derived from the mind alone. He suggests that knowledge gets derived from the soul which has intellect in its composition. He argues against Plato’s view by suggesting that if knowledge only got derived from the mind alone, then the soul would be of no use to the body. Aquinas affirms the need for the body in the acquisition of knowledge and rejects the theory of innate ideas forwarded by the Platonists (Brian 74). Neo-Platonists argue that the knowledge of the one gets contemplated by the mind, which generates ideas and forms (Remes 100). By generation of ideas and forms, the knowledge about the one gets divided and multiplied. The knowledge about the one gets transcended into the physical world through the world soul. The world soul according to the neo-Platonists is separate from the individual human souls (Albert 145). Summa Theologica differs with neo-platonic concepts on the basis of how the knowledge of God gets inferred to human beings. Both the Summa Theologica and the neo-platonic concepts on the characterization of God agree that the mind assists in the acquisition of knowledge. The mind acquires knowledge about God by creating images. Aquinas refers to these images as ‘phantasms’ in the Summa Theologica (Aquinas & Edward 123). Aquinas argues that the mental images about God get based on sensual experience, and this creates universal ideas and principles.  

Operational Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Operational Management - Essay Example The range of the bolts according to the length differs from 2 inches to 12 inches. According to the length and function of the bolts, thickness of the bolts varies. In the particular section of the organisation bolts come in several sizes. Here sizes differ either by half inch or by an inch. Mostly the different sizes of bolts are received in the organisation in an ascending order and the bolts are loaded in the container accordingly. The containers do not arrive in a specific order. Each container consists of 5000 bolts irrespective of the size. Special colour codes are used for recognising the varieties of bolts contained in each container. Nuts also arrive in the assembly line in the similar manner as the bolts. The major work process of the employees starts after arrival of both bolts and nuts as they need to couple up the nuts and bolts. After coupling up the nuts and the bolts, it should be loaded in a designated container. The responsibility of carrying out the loaded containe r for weighing is the responsibility of other employees employed for the specific purpose. Regarding the productivity of the section, it can be stated that 1000 nuts and bolts are coupled up in an hour. This productivity is not according to the expectation especially while measured in comparison to the cost of production. Moreover, to deal with the bulk sales, the productivity needs to be stimulated. 2.0 Assembly Methods Assembly methods can be of several types. From the above discussion, the method followed by the organisation can be identified. Assembly line can be considered as a line of the factory equipments and workers associated with the production work and manufacturing products that move on the line from station to station until the products come as the final products. Assembly line methods are introduced in a manufacturing unit to stimulate its efficiency and productivity as it can reduce the required time to manufacture finished goods. The method that has been used in thi s manufacturing unit is a break down method where the entire production processes are divided into certain units. The nature of the work of each section is different. The reason behind breaking down the production process is to enhance the accuracy of the production. Moreover, the assembly method used in this section can be considered as the manual assembly because there is involvement of 200 employees. The comparison between the different assembly methods including manual method can be exhibited in terms of cost of production and volume of the products as follows: Figure 1: Comparison of Assembly Methods Source: (Chan & Salustri, â€Å"Comparison of Assembly Methods†). In this note, it can be recommended to the management to adopt ‘just-in-time’ process. Through this process delivery of the goods can be ensured in proper time. Thus, wastage of idle time and space and processing waste can be eliminated to a certain extent (Inventory Solution, 2007). 3.0 Current A ssembly Station and Employees’ Feedback The number of current assembly stations is four. At the first assembly station different sizes of nuts and bolts are

Marketing Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Techniques - Essay Example Customers are attracted by luring with many free offers so that they will fall into the trap. By this the company can increase their market share and when they have considerably large customer base the company will remove the free offers given to the customer. This is a very common tactic used in business these days. The following are the Telephone services offered to customers. 2. Cell phones offered free with many months incoming free and hundreds of minutes free talk time with camera phone all the advanced features like blue tooth, wireless internet, giga bytes of storage, mega pixel camera and many more. Ice cream: No dought ice creams are the most sought after impulse buying eatable since invention and it continues to be. Ice creams are liked by people of all ages and irrespective of gender, cast creed nationality and. Customers are attracted to buy ice creams by offering many flavors and with large varieties of making. Though all ice creams sweet the way there are made and with what ingredients it is made makes it the most desirable delicacy. The latest way of attracting the customers is by offering diet ice cream, which has low calories and which can be eaten by even sugar patients. Tennis Shoes: It is well known that sports shoes need to be of high precision so that players can rely on them. What makes shoes differ is that for which sport they are used. For every sport the making of the shoes differ. Tennis shoes are made in a manner so that they can glide on the grass court giving the player the extra mile to access the ball from a far distance and at the same time it should hold the ground firmly giving the player that extra confidence. It is this feature, which is used to attract the customers by the company and at the same time pricing them with exorbitant rates. Global players like Adidas and Nike use high end engineering to manufacture sports shoes. Hair Saloons: The most interesting part about hair saloons is that it needs the minimum investment and the returns are very high. Hair Saloons offer the latest fashion and trends set by the fashion houses. They offer wide varieties of hair color, manicure, massage, facial, grooming required for even bridal make up and etc. It not only women who are now interested but also more men are showing interest in their personal grooming. This attention is being cashed by the boutiques and hair saloons. Hair saloons offer the costumers with the latest technologies in personal grooming. The astonishing part is that hair saloons charge exorbitantly for the services offered. Frozen Pizza: The segmentation used in frozen pizza is in four categories. Regular pizza, premium pizza, Gourmet pizza and the general fill-im up pizzas. The pizza giants offer with delicious toppings on the pizza to the customer, which lures the customers to grab one at the same time getting so many categories to choose with. They offer with many toppings if selected for five persons like family packs at fewer prices. Apart from this frozen pizza are also available as break fast pizzas and bite size snacks

Business law case study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business law case study - Coursework Example The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD) was passed on May, 2005, and had to be executed by member countries into national law by June 12, 2007 and it was applicable by December 12, 2007. Nevertheless, some member countries – for example, the UK, Spain and Germany – were late in adapting this law. It is said that there are various forms of misleading information about advertising on the internet, but the main form is still associated with misleading pricing information. Clients have complained that some of the prices that firms put on their websites are not the actual prices they pay when they buy the product. Such a case was witnessed in Hillingdon Electricals Ltd (HEL) when they stated on their website that the price of iPads and Tablets were ?29 and ?19, respectively while the actual prices were ?290 and ?190 respectively. This matter brought up a lot of controversy to the organisation, where they ended up stating that it was due to human error. Some clients how visited the store demanded to be sold the gadgets on the prices advertised while others, who had bought the gadgets online went to the store to demand for refunds. This paper will discuss these issues and advice specific clients who were caught in this tussle on their next move. Scenario A – Tony and Ursula Under the Sale of Goods Act of 1979, there are a harsh set of regulations, which sellers and retailers are expected to abide by (Wallington, 2010). When someone purchases a good, it signifies that they have entered into an agreement or contract with the vendor of the good. Under the Sale of Goods Act also, goods should be described, fit the purpose and of satisfactory quality. Fitting the purposes signifies both their day to day use, as well as also any particular purpose, which the buyer agreed with the vendor (Kidner, 2012). For instance, a buyer might specifically request for a printer, which would be compatible with his/her computer. Products sold are also expected to fit nay sample they were show in-store or any explanation in the brochure. Also, the issue of pricing comes into play because there are cases where a client can buy a product online thinking that they paid the price stated on the website and that is not true (McCarthy, 2010). If you wish to claim for a refund under the Sale of Goods Act, then you have a couple possible ways of settling your issue, relying on the situation and what you wish to be done. The claimant’s rights are against the vendor – the organisation, which sold them the product – not the producer, and so they should make any claim not towards the manufacture, but against the retailer. Nevertheless, this act does not apply to products that a client has bought on hire purchase (HP). If someone buys a product, which turns out to be flawed, then they can opt to reject it. This means they can return it and get a full refund of their money (Slocombe, 2012). The word flawed was explained at the begin ning of this section, which also included pricing errors (Wallington, 2010). However, the law only grants you a logical period to do this – what is logical lays on the good and how clear the error is. But, even with complex items or considerable purchases, it is much safer to work with the basis that you normally have less than three to four weeks from the day you received the product to reject it (Kidner,

Marketing Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Techniques - Essay Example Customers are attracted by luring with many free offers so that they will fall into the trap. By this the company can increase their market share and when they have considerably large customer base the company will remove the free offers given to the customer. This is a very common tactic used in business these days. The following are the Telephone services offered to customers. 2. Cell phones offered free with many months incoming free and hundreds of minutes free talk time with camera phone all the advanced features like blue tooth, wireless internet, giga bytes of storage, mega pixel camera and many more. Ice cream: No dought ice creams are the most sought after impulse buying eatable since invention and it continues to be. Ice creams are liked by people of all ages and irrespective of gender, cast creed nationality and. Customers are attracted to buy ice creams by offering many flavors and with large varieties of making. Though all ice creams sweet the way there are made and with what ingredients it is made makes it the most desirable delicacy. The latest way of attracting the customers is by offering diet ice cream, which has low calories and which can be eaten by even sugar patients. Tennis Shoes: It is well known that sports shoes need to be of high precision so that players can rely on them. What makes shoes differ is that for which sport they are used. For every sport the making of the shoes differ. Tennis shoes are made in a manner so that they can glide on the grass court giving the player the extra mile to access the ball from a far distance and at the same time it should hold the ground firmly giving the player that extra confidence. It is this feature, which is used to attract the customers by the company and at the same time pricing them with exorbitant rates. Global players like Adidas and Nike use high end engineering to manufacture sports shoes. Hair Saloons: The most interesting part about hair saloons is that it needs the minimum investment and the returns are very high. Hair Saloons offer the latest fashion and trends set by the fashion houses. They offer wide varieties of hair color, manicure, massage, facial, grooming required for even bridal make up and etc. It not only women who are now interested but also more men are showing interest in their personal grooming. This attention is being cashed by the boutiques and hair saloons. Hair saloons offer the costumers with the latest technologies in personal grooming. The astonishing part is that hair saloons charge exorbitantly for the services offered. Frozen Pizza: The segmentation used in frozen pizza is in four categories. Regular pizza, premium pizza, Gourmet pizza and the general fill-im up pizzas. The pizza giants offer with delicious toppings on the pizza to the customer, which lures the customers to grab one at the same time getting so many categories to choose with. They offer with many toppings if selected for five persons like family packs at fewer prices. Apart from this frozen pizza are also available as break fast pizzas and bite size snacks

Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Autobiography - Essay Example According to the Declaration of Independence, we can only pursue the happiness, we cannot attain it, and so we should consider happiness as the journey, not as a destination (Jefferson). This is the only way we can be happy, because we could enjoy it as a process. Life is like travelling through beautiful fields filled with greenery, but we are so worried about achieving material happiness and riches that we cannot dare to see around and praise the beauty of life. Same goes with this life, we keep on working for our future and keep on postponing our parties and vacations for more money. But at the end, we lose our energy and youth, therefore, rendered unable by our age and cannot be able to avail the happiness which life had to offer. The woman I mentioned in the previous paragraph is me. I spent a very painful life. When I was in the Navy, my male colleagues were always interested in taking advantage of me. But I kept dodging them over the span of my whole service tenure. Despite of the difficulties, I kept on moving forward and learnt how to deal with them eventually, by being reserved and indifferent to their issues all the time. In this way, I was able to keep them away. Finally, I got retired from the Forces after a long time. I returned home where I engaged myself into healthy activities of gardening and housekeeping. After some years from retirement, my son died and he left two children in my custody. Few days later, federal law enforcement officials came and took my grandchildren away from me. I got too frustrated. But I took a decision to take this matter to the court, where I successfully proved that I am in a good health and, therefore, able to take care of my children. Fortunately, court agreed and granted me the custody of the children. From that day on, I am proud of myself, because I was able to take a stand for my children. As I mentioned earlier, I had spent a very painful life; however, these grandchildren are rewards of those pains I suffered in my youth. I am happy seeing them grow, giggle and flourish in front of me. I really enjoy answering their innocent questions about life. I am training them to become strong-willed individuals. I let them take decisions by themselves, so that they learn to face the consequences of their decisions. In this way, they can build an experience about a real and nasty life which they have to face in very near future. Conclusion This paper highlights different facets of my life. My life gives a message of constant struggle in at least one part of everybody’s life, so that one can ripe their fruits later on. The hard work with persistence is a true way to success; an individual should follow his or her own way, because humans come in this world in their original form. They should depart from here in the same way. I stood up for my rights, fought for them and finally won against all the odds. I recommend courage, persistence and determination to all of those who are discouraged due to social pressures. All social systems are made by humans and we can change them. No system in this world is divine in nature, therefore, is subject to change. So, this paper recommends its readers to be original, moving, flexible, yet determined. Work Cited Jefferson, Thomas. Declaration of Independence. International Relations and Security Networks, 1945.

Why do you want to attend Pratt Essay Example for Free

Why do you want to attend Pratt Essay Having decided on a career early in life, I have always known that accomplishment of my professional goals would require the attendance of a quality art school that would offer me theoretical and practical foundation for a successful career. This is the reason why I chose Pratt and want to pursue a course at this school. In my conviction, the Pratt Institute in New York will offer me an excellent platform from which to move forward with my education and career goals. The rich history of the Pratt Institute that spans three very different centuries makes it interwoven with the history of art and design and helped the institute to build a strong academic program, which makes it attractive for people with a serious interest in design. I share the vision of the school’s founder, Charles Pratt, that a person who is true to one’s trade will eventually see this commitment pay off. On my part, I hope to apply the greatest effort to master the secrets of fashion design at Pratt so as to become a successful designer afterward able to leave an individual imprint on the history of fashion. Looking through pictures of models created by Pratt’s students on the institute’s website, I was impressed with the quality of their work. This strengthened my desire to attend courses at the school that teaches its students to produce work remarkable for innovation and quality. Besides, the location in New York City, an important center of fashion, is, in my opinion, a great advantage for am art school, as it gives students an opportunity to mix academic courses with first-hand experience of vibrant professional activity. I have long set my mind on a career in design. Since my childhood, I wanted no other career, being attracted by the fantastic world of designer clothing and the process of modelling. Fashion has riveted my attention for years. I regularly read professional periodicals devoted to this topic, trying to keep up-to-date with the news of the world of design. With the appearance of the Internet, I began to regularly browse a series of websites on design, such as www.dexigner.com, www.metrofashion-magazine.com and others. This helps me to stay abreast of the latest trends and search out the most valuable innovations in this field. To practise in the chosen area, I often draw fashion illustrations in an effort to put on paper various dreams and ideas about clothing. I hope that obtaining an education in fashion will help me realize these dreams on a more professional level and translate my ideas into mature, well-thought out collections. At this point in my life, I already have my future in fashion design mapped out, hoping that things will go according to the plans and I will be able to make all my ambitions come true. The start will be a Bachelor’s degree that I hope to obtain from the Pratt Institute that will provide me with the fundamental knowledge of fashion design and open the way to a professional career in design. As a next step, I plan to attend graduate school in Paris or London so as to improve my knowledge of this area in one of the world’s famous fashion capital. Combining this with the knowledge obtained in New York City, I hope to create my personal unique style that will be a combination of the best found in both Northern America and Europe. To crown my career, I want to create my own designer brand. This has to be a reflection of my personal style and world outlook, closely reflecting my own personality. At this point, I have a blueprint in mind as to what I want to do; however, it is still somewhat vague, and I hope, will become more definitive in the process of studying and working in this area. I feel the potential to become a great fashion designer, even if I am at the very start of my career. With an education from the Pratt Institute, I hope to realize my potential and to make my professional ambitions reality.

Supply Chain Management in PepsiCo Pakistan

Supply Chain Management in PepsiCo Pakistan Pepsi was founded in 1898 by Caleb Bradham, a new Bern North Carolina, druggist who first formulated Pepsi-Colyeah book followed supply chain k three decisions phir push pull cycle view phr stages phr demand phr drivers phr distribution and recommendations are at the end a. Today Pepsi has expanded at a large scale and has a portfolio of beverage brands that includes carbonated soft drinks, juices and juiced drinks, humara link basically pepsi co sey b nae hai kyunki riaz bottlers are its suppliers aswell as maunfacturesr and they give that via transportations to the retailers( stores hotel etc) then it goes to customers .they have warehouses storage sites production sites.its located in gulbergso riaz bottler are everythihumara link basically pepsi co sey b nae hai kyunki riaz bottlers are its suppliers aswell as maunfacturesr and they give that via transportations to the retailers( stores hotel etc) then it goes to customers .they have warehouses storage sites production sites.its located in gulberg so riaz bottler are everything Ready-to-drink teas and coffees, isotonic drinks, bottled water and enhanced water. PepsiCo has well known beverages such as Mountain Dew, Diet Pepsi, Tropicana Pure Premium, Aquafina, Tropicana Juice Drinks, Tropicana Twister , MIRINDA and much more. PepsiCola markets Frapoccuino ready-to-drink coffee through a partnership with Starbucks. PEPSI CO PRODUCT: the product we are taking for the project of supply chain management is MIRINDA. RIAZ BOTTLERS: Riaz Bottlers (PVT) Limited (RBL) incorporated in Pakistan as a private limited company in 1976. RBL is the franchise holder of Pepsi Cola International with seven brands. Like PEPSI, PEPSI MAX, 7UP, MIRINDA and MOUNTAIN DEW etc. They have recently launched Aquafina and are in process of moving towards some other products. RBL today is one of the best National Companies in Pakistan. At RBL, they believe that Our existence and success is more than just meeting our business objectives and we are proud of the success that the company has achieved. Together our people provide the skills, knowledge and expertise to deliver the quality of service that our customers expect and upon which our reputation depends. RIAZ BOTTLERS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: RBLs primary functions are to demeanor a methodical manufacturing and supply of the product without any tactical and strategic flaws. Backed by a powerful competitive strategy and empowered by some effective supply chain strategies, the group has been managing an effective supply chain through out the region. It has set up a urbane manufacturing and storage plant in Lahore with production units and huge production capacity. RBL has different management departments dealing with specialized Marketing, HR, IT and Supply Chain Processes. In this report we conducted the process of the basic supply chain management functions of RBL for MIRINDA by Pepsi co. COMPREHENSION OF MIRINDA SUPPLY CHAIN: The goal of every supply chain is to maximize the overall value generated. The value of a supply chain generates is the difference between what the final product is worth to the customer and the costs the supply chain incurs in filling the customers request. (Chopra, Meindl 2006) DECISION PHASES IN SUPPLY CHAIN OF MIRINDA SUPPLY CHAIN DESIGN OF MIRINDA: A proper decision regarding how to structure the supply chain over next upcoming years have been made and the short term aswell as the longterm decisions have been made by the company in regards to location and capacities of production and warehousing facilities, the products to be manufactured or stored at various locations, the modes of transportation to be made, information systems and so on. Their supply chain design is very expensive to alter on short notice and supports the companys strategic objectives. In order to ensure a good supply chain strategy, Riaz Bottlers plans one to two years in advance. It has several contracts with manufacturers, and receives raw material on a convenient basis. The company also decides where production plants are to be placed. RBL has production plants at Lahore. The production process is 80% automated. The company has to provide and manage transport for the delivery of products as well as the arrangement of third party services for the procurement of products. The shipping department handles orders and the transport department decides the vehicles for safe delivery. Material planning and sourcing is carried out as well. Sources of supply of raw material both local and foreign are identified and terms and conditions are negotiated. Capacity planning is also done at this stage. Sales forecasting and production planning depends upon the capacity of the organization with respect to: Production. Storage: Raw and packing. Storage: Finished goods. Riaz bottlers Lahore has a procurement budget of nearly Rs 10 billion. Approved suppliers cannot go beyond this budget. The supplier is audited by the most cost efficient quality control department. Distributors are also decided by the company, keeping in mind past performances. The company has increased its distribution capacity from one to ten filling lines during the last few years lending it a competitive edge over Coca Cola. FIGURE 1 SUPPLY CHAIN PLANNING OF MIRINDA: After RBL set the design of their supply chain they do the planning which increases their surplus in supply chain and thats their goal too. The planning launches and make them set their constraints over some span of time according to the demand of Mirinda. Pepsi co carries out sales forecasting for local demand as well as for export purposes to countries such as Afghanistan etc for Mirinda. The annual sales target is conveyed to the supply chain department of RBL. Planning is carried out on a monthly, weekly and daily basis for order planning allocation , warehousing ,production scheduling inventory planning and optimization. at RBL. images.jpg FIGURE 2 SUPPLY CHAIN OPERATION OF MIRINDA: In RBL , the production , sales and supply chain departments get united to decide the inventory on weekly basis. There is always less uncertainty about the demand . the operation process includes customer orders in the best possible manner. During this RBL , allocate inventory or production to individual orders, set a date (which is always according to the will of customers and they dont get disappointed) that an order is to be filled, generate a proper pick lists at a warehouse in gulberg , allocate to shipping, set delivery and so on. PROCESS VIEWS OF MIRINDA SUPPLY CHAIN The processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of cycles each performed at the interface between two successive stages of a supply chain. CYCLE VIEW OF SUPPLY CHAIN: scm12 FIGURE 3 Supplier / manufacturers: The suppliers to Pepsi Co are franchise operative (RBL) as well as company operative (LAYS chips) system and are located in eight cities of Pakistan. The cities are Lahore, Islamabad, Karachi, Peshawar, Hyderabad, Sukkhar, Gujranwala and Faisalabad. PepsiCo has its Plant , Factory ,Workshop and Warehouse at the same place in Lahore . the Address is : Guru Mangat Road, Gulberg Lahore Distributors: They are located throughout the country; every city has its distributors. The distribution done on direct and indirect ways that would be discussed in the distribution section of the report. Retailers : retailers outlets are all sort of shopkeepers, malls , hotels etc to whom the distributors provide the stock via transportation i.e. trucks etc which carries distribution from point to point in different allocative routes. Customers: Its customers are all sort of target markets from social class A to C and range within all demographical and pyschographical parameters. PUSH AND PULL VIEW OF MIRINDA SUPPLY CHAIN: The push process implementation is commenced in anticipation to a customer order. MIRINDA has a seasonal demand. Just in time concept is pertinent in non-seasonal period and not pertinent in seasonal period. All processes that are part of the procurement cycle, manufacturing cycle, replenishment cycle, and customer order cycle are push processes. MIRINDA Sales order and processing: The Shipping Manager receives sales order from Sales Team, distributors through telephone, fax email one day before dispatch. The sales are made to base distributors on advance payment against orders then shipping manager plans according to the demand of distributors on daily basis. fig1107 FIGURE 4 COMPETITIVE AND SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGIES: There are three major sustainable advantages that give PepsiCo a competitive edge as they operate in the global marketplace: Big, muscular brands. Proven ability to innovate and create differentiated products. Powerful go-to-market systems. PepsiCos ( Mirinda) overall mission is to increase the value of shareholders investment. They do this through sales growth, cost controls and wise investment of resources. They believe their commercial success depends upon offering quality and value to their consumers and customers; providing products that are safe, wholesome, economically efficient and environmentally sound; and providing a fair return to their investors while adhering to the highest standards of integrity. A customer while purchasing a bottle of Mirinda will consider product quality, price and availability of the product. Thus, Mirinda in Pakistan particularly focuses its competitive strategy as to producing sufficient variety, reasonable prices, and the availability of the product. SUPPLY CHAIN STRATEGIES STEP ONE: THE CUSTOMER AND SUPPLY CHAIN UNCERTAINTY. Identifying customer needs : RBL needs to understand the customer needs for each targeted segment and the uncertainty the supply chain faces in satisfying these needs. As RBL deals with beverages, which are a fast moving consumer good, it knows the requirements of consumers. Mirinda is considered as a drink which is refreshing during summer, and taken regularly during winter, with demand hiking around festivals such as Eid and occasions such as weddings. RBL caters to both cities and rural areas. It understands the needs of both. As demand for beverages is seasonal, the quantity of product needed for each lot is taken care of with past demand in mind. Consumers generally require a small response time, high service level, reasonable price and some variety (for example mirinda has apple flavor too now). Demand uncertainty and implied demand uncertainty: Demand for Mirinda varies by product. For example there is a greater demand for Mirinda as compared to Mirinda Apple, which is sort of new. Hence, Mirinda has a low demand uncertainty as compared to Mirinda Apple. The product Mirinda is approaching its maturity stage in the PLC whereas Mirinda Apple is in the introductory stage. Mirindas implied demand uncertainty varies with the product type as well as the customer needs. Due to decreased lead time (the customer may purchase its competitors product if Mirinda is not available at that time such as Fanta, Gourmet cola, Amrat cola ), need for greater variety and higher level of service, implied demand uncertainty increases. This is true for cities where unmet demand by Mirinda is met by Coca Cola Company, Gourmet Cola and other such competitors. Supply uncertainty is also affected by new products. New products have higher supply uncertainty. Uncertainty for the capability of the supply chain: After determining the demand uncertainty it takes a look at the uncertainty resulting from the supply chain. Mirinda is not a new product and its market is going towards maturation. The company does not have many difficulties in delivering a product and has a fixed delivery schedule (on daily basis). Mirinda hence has a predictable supply and somewhat uncertain demand depending on market conditions. STEP TWO: UNDERSTANDING THE SUPPLY CHAIN CAPABILITIES: The efficiency and responsiveness varies according to the consumer needs, implied demand uncertainty, product type and market segments. In remote areas Pepsi Co ( Mirinda) focuses on being somewhat efficient as other modes of transportation could turn the product to be highly expensive. According to the company it does not deal with distributors who do not have 20 to 25 vehicles, therefore as the company has focus on cost reduction, uses slow and inexpensive modes of transportation, the demand is certain, and uses economies of scale in production, the product Mirinda is more inclined towards being somewhat efficient. In cities, the company focuses its attention on being highly responsive as Mirinda has to meet short lead time, meet a high service level, handle a large variety of products and respond to wide ranges of quantity demanded especially at the retail stage. Highly efficient somewhat efficient somewhat responsive highly responsive In towns MIRINDA In cities FIGURE 5 STEP 3: ACHIEVING THE STRATEGIC FIT: The Mirinda supply chain assign different roles to its different stages, the company has to decide either to transfer the responsiveness to the manufacture stage or to the retailer stage as making one stage more responsive allows the other stage to focus on being more efficient. While discussing the Mirindas supply capability it is seen that Mirinda tends to be more responsive in the cities and a bit less in towns. Therefore, transferring the responsiveness to the retailer and distributor, allowing them to face the higher implied demand uncertainty. This in return allows the manufacturer and supplier to be more efficient. At the same time, multiple beverage types contribute to a broader product portfolio causing RBL to adjust its strategies accordingly; tailoring the supply chain to best meet the needs of each beverage demand. SUPPLY CHAIN DRIVERS AND METRICS: Bonding drivers with Product Life Cycle (PLC) Supply chain strategy: Mirinda mainly follows a combined cost effective responsive supply chain strategy in lahore. The intensive supply of the product is being ensured throughout the city market with the help of RBL distributors. Mirinda has been able to reach out to all market segments without any delays because of its business maturity and comparative business strength. It has the normal beverages sales volumes as compared to any other cities . Although there is an overwhelming stability in the product market yet there are some remote areas where there are conditions for a possible stock out due to their remoteness. For addressing this risk Mirinda has financed different whole sellers in those areas to respond immediately. Mirinda in Lahore and in most parts of Pakistan can be rightly placed into the category of an ever growing mature business. Responsiveness: In case of Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCGs) that target a huge segment of market, responsiveness is a deciding factor for the organizational success. In a typical Pakistani market, quick response enables supply chains to meet the customer demands for evershorter lead times, and to synchronize the supply to meet the peaks and troughs of demand. Mirindas supply chain has been able to reinforce a greater response to the uncertain and unpredictable market behavior only because it has multisided processing facilities and corresponds to a systematic production network with both dedicated and multi-product facilities. The major focus is to determine the processes that are to be integrated in the supply chain network with their corresponding suppliers, distribution centers and the associated transport links between them. The major considerations in the design are the supply chain responsiveness and profitability. Framework for Structuring Drivers: FIGURE 6 The framework is based on a motive to create strategic fit between the competitive and supply chain strategy. Mirinda Competitive strategy stands to provide a large variety of products very quickly; simultaneously the supply chain strategy stands to materialize the availability of that variety of products. Mirinda mainly follows a responsive supply chain strategy. Alignment of mirindas business strategy to a corresponding supply chain strategy is achieved through proper deployment of supply chain drivers. Mirinda has to deal with different set of market segments simultaneously. Most of the time the approach needs to be responsive enough to grow substantially to be able to compete with uncertain demand, while in many areas demand is certain and very much predictable, so there it incorporates an efficient supply chain strategy. THE FACILITY DRIVER ROLE , LOCATION AND CAPACITY : In RBL the Mirinda is stored, assembled and fabricated at gulberg Lahore..Mirinda has established a flexible and a product-focused production facility in order to respond effectively to the variability in demand.The storage facilities are designed in order to provide maximum possible capacity for the inventory. It has franchising holding bottling operations. OVERALL TRADE OFF ( RESPONSIVE) : In order to ensure the responsive strategy implementation, the role of facilities is of prime importance in the supply chain of RBL The large amount of excess capacity allows the facility to be very flexible and to respond to wide surges in demands placed on it. In alignment with the responsive supply chain strategy the facilities have been geographically located close to the market. FIGURE 7 FIGURE 8 THE INVENTORY DRIVER ROLE , LOCATION AND SEASONAL INVENTORY: RBL has established a comprehensive plan to ensure the sufficient inventory levels to keep up with the market demand effectively. The inventory type is seasonal .For this purpose the main inventory storage has been established within the main plant area maneet road gulberg Lahore inside RBL. It has the storage capacity of 200,000 Sq Ft and the area is being utilized both horizontally and vertically. The shipping department is in charge for storage and subsequent displacement of the product orders. The inventory capacity is being utilized and maintained in coordination with the production department and is based on the term production estimates. OVERALL TRADE OFF (RESPONSIVE): Increasing inventory makes the supply more responsive to the customers. At RBL, managers bear a high inventory cost to ensure maximum levels of inventory and to reduce the production and transportation costs. inventory.jpg FIGURE 9 THE TRANSPORTATION DRIVER DESIGN AND CHOICE OF TRANSPORTATION MODE: PTN is providing transport to PEPSI CO( mirinda) in the form of big large trucks.Faster transportation of the products allows RBL to maintain sufficient levels of stock on the shelves.RBLs transportation network is the collection of routes, modes and locations along which the product can be shipped. With the help of distributors the product is being supplied to the market. There are multiple supply and demand points within the city which cater to the market demand. RBL decides and selects different modes of transportation having different characteristics with respect to the speed and size of shipment. OVERALL TRADE OFF ( RESPONSIVE): The transportation network has been designed with a view to ensure responsiveness and boost the availability of the product. For RBL using fast mode of transport increases responsiveness as well as the transportation cost but lowers the inventory holding cost. Transportation driver has a large impact on the responsiveness of the business. THE INFORMATION DRIVER COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION DECISIONS: Connects all the supply chain stages effectively allowing them to coordinate and maximize total supply chain profitability. It is also crucial to the daily operations of each stage in the supply chain. The unit manager utilizes the production scheduling system that is based on information on demand to create a schedule that allows RBL to produce the right amount of product. The warehouse in charge uses this information to create visibility of the warehouses inventory items. They dont have any enabling technologies such as EDI, ERP and RFID OVERALL TRASE OFF (RESPONSIVE): Information sharing helps these firms improve its responsiveness within the market. It helps to accurately forecast demand and realize frequency of updates, measurements of the effects of seasonal factors influencing the production, measurements of variances from the plan and the ratio of demand variability to order variability. Timely and accurate information enables the distribution managers to fix potential stock out or oversupply problems. FIGURE 10 THE PRICING DRIVER FIXED PRICING VERSUS MENU PRICING: Mirinda keeps its pricing strategy with the comparison of its competitors for example FANTA. And the demand is seasonal so during the season on period the pricing is done on the fixed basis i.e. summers. And during winters which is the off season period the pricing is done on menu basis for example Rs 2 to Rs 5 ruppees off per 1.5 litre bottle etc. THE SOURCING DRIVER: OUTSOURCED, SUPPLIER SELECTION AND PROCUREMENT: Pepsico has outsourced decisions in its supply chain as RBL is an outsourced company for it. They think that it was best to outsource Mirinda and other beverages aswell because the growth in total supply chain is significant with little additional risk. The responsive components are outsourced such as the PTN aswell which provides transportation to Pepsico ( Mirinda). It has number of suppliers within Lahore and all districts of the country. Both procurement in direct aswell as indirect ways are doneand they have a good coordination between its suppliers and buyers. images.jpg FIGURE 11 DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF MIRINDA Direct distribution: Delivery of post mix cylinders handling of key accounts: The key accounts are different wholesalers, restaurants and hotels like Pizza Hut, KFC, Metro which serve as a place for key sale. These are known as national key accounts and are very important in terms of competition. Export Parties. Indirect distribution: Through Base market distributors Through Outstation distributors Before delivering the product some certain guiding principles are followed for the assessment of distributors capability by RBL. Applicant must have 30 to 40 vehicles (depending on the area). Applicant must have 40,000 cases of empty bottles. Applicant must deposit Rs.5, 000,000 as a security. RBL uses light and heavy vehicles for safe delivery of goods to the distributors for timely delivery. It follows the just in time concept which is applicable in Non-seasonal period and not applicable in the seasonal period. REVIEW AND REVISE DISTRIBUTION: This is usually done through taking over key revenue areas. If the distributor does not achieve its sales target, the distribution is taken back and an addition of new distributor is done. Therefore MIRINDAS supply is low supply uncertainty. Some of its supply source capabilities are: Less breakdowns High quality Flexible supply capacity Mature production process FACTORES INFLUENCING DISTRIBUTION NETWORK DESIGN: At the highest level, performance of a distribution network should be evaluated along two dimensions: 1. Customer needs that are met 2. Cost of meeting customer needs While customer service consists of many components we will consider those measures that are influenced by the structure of the distribution network for Mirinda . Response Time: For Mirinda is minimal as the direct customers for it are the retailers and then the consumers. So with over 30 to 40 delivery trucks in Lahore , it is readily available to every retailer within 30 minutes or an hour max . Lahore has 12 warehouses from where the supply to the market is done through trucks provided by PTN. Product Variety: They have made their place in the market with their unique product line ranging from Mirinda to Mirinda Apple with refreshing taste and great quality. Customers Desire: customer desire more for mirinda instead of apple mirinda .Recently, the sales for 250 ml bottles has increased and 1.5 litre bottle decreased but they are trying to increase it as it gives the company higher profits. Availability: The product is always available in stock whenever an order arrives. Whenever the distributors feel that after one loading there could be a stock out they place an order to RBL in advance just to keep the floor with enough stock in hand. The Distributors have 3 days stock as back up with them in order of any malfunctioning of the plant or other such external factors. Customer Experience For Mirinda has always been positive as they receive the product with ease and on time. The retailers are the direct customers as they place an order to the distributors. There has never been a shortage or a delay for mirinda in Metro or Pizza Hut which are the key accounts for the company. Order Visibility They are not really an electronic phenomenon where you can track your order through computer. It is more of person-to-person contact and one can easily track down their orders through the designated staff in each sector of Lahore or for that sake all over Pakistan. Returnability: Pepsi Co ( mirinda) has always been very strong in a sense that unsatisfactory items can be returned and changed on the spot. This is true for both the consumers and the retailers. They have laid down a system through which they can effectively manage this requirement. The retailers are told to take down the comments and the address or phone numbers from the person who is returning the bottle. It seems at first that a customer always wants the highest level of performance along all these dimensions, in practice however this is not always the case. DESIGN OPTION FOR DISTRIBUTION NETWORK:: Distributor Storage with Carrier Delivery: In Pepsi Co ( mirinda) inventory is not held by the manufacturers at the factories but is held by distributors/ retailers in intermediate warehouses and package carriers are used to transport the products from the intermediate location to the final customer. This requires distributor storage to keep high levels of inventory because distributor/retailer aggregates demand uncertainty to a lower level than the manufacturer. Transportation costs for Pepsi are somewhat lower because an economic mode of transportation (e.g. truckload) can be employed for inbound shipments to the warehouse, which is closer to the customer. Facility cost is high because of a loss of aggregation and often end up with higher processing costs. The information structure needed is not that complex. The distribution warehouse serves as a buffer between manufacturer and customer. Real time visibility between customers and warehouse is needed whereas as visibility between customer and manufacturer is not required. Response time is also reduced. Customer convenience is high and order visibility with manufacturer storage becomes easier. Distributor storage is well suited for medium to fast moving goods and it can also handle higher level of variety than retail stores FIGURE 7 VALUE OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: There are basically two components of distribution: Storage Distribution The storage facilities of RBL are designed in order to boost the timely availability of the product. For this purpose the distributors are fully equipped with facilities that are needed to ensure intensive supply of the product. The storage facilities are designed to contain the maximum possible inventory items that are needed at any given time. RBL has established several storage units nearer to the market in order to boost availability. Transportation conducts inventory movement from point to point in supply chain of RBL. It incorporates a combination of modes and routes at different stages. Transportation choices have a large impact on the responsiveness strategy of the business. RBL has several contracts with several distributors with multiple transport facility that ensure the maximum possible transport of inventory within a short period of time. The distribution does not work between specific supply chain components but it performs a basic function of integration amongst all supply chain components. The Pepsi Co distribution system linked the entire supply chain for all product categories. The distribution centers and its information network play a key role in that regard. The major object is to carefully track sales of items and offer short replenishment cycle times. The distributors offer stored deliveries too many retail outlets in the twin cities. Different products are being delivered conveniently on pre-orders. The distribution system is flexible enough to alter delivery schedule depending on customer demand. The Territory Distributor Managers maintain a contact with the retailers in order to book and place the orders. Whenever a store places an order it is immediately transmitted to the supplier through the distribution manager. Now RBL receives orders from all distribution centers and the shipment department delivers the orders. At the distribution centre, products from the manufacturer are delivered into different trucks and each truck makes deliveries to multiple retail stores. The number of stores depends upon the sales volume. The system works on trust and does not require the delivery person to be present when store personnel scan the delivery. This reduces the delivery time at each store. Each truck has a capacity of 1572 cans.The distribution department is in direct contact with the manufacturers and keeps updating inventory levels. They keep in stock spare three days stock to combat external uncertainty. The distribution department is responsible for all the variety of the products in their portfolio. PepsiCos overall distribution network spreads throughout Pakistan connecting the remotest of places and providing great customer service. Globalization has increased the competition that the company for its products like mirinda is constantly coming up with new projects, campaigns and distribution. RECOMMENDATIONS: RBL doesnt have proper enabling technologies such as EDI , ERP , RFID and EDD . they should be having that for the better performance of its supply chain activities. These engagements would

Postmodernism: Myths and Realities Essay -- Postmodernism Philosophy E

Postmodernism: Myths and Realities A number of theorists and scholars have proclaimed that we now live in a postmodern world--a world better explained by theories and concepts different from those of the modern world dating from the Enlightenment and before. The theories and concepts of postmodernism are widely and prominently applied in adult education. So, how do postmodernists characterize postmodernism? What are the critics' critiques? Do proponents and critics agree on anything? Characterizing Postmodernism Discussing postmodernism and continuing education, Leicester (2000) writes that "postmodernism is not a systematic theory or unified movement so much as a loose umbrella term for a perspective" incorporating reactions against "the sovereignty of science, the dominance of 'western traditions' and the assumption of epistemological progress" (p. 73). However, some key features "overlap and criss-cross, appear and disappear in discussions about 'postmodernism' (ibid., p. 74): †¢Plurality of Perspectives. Multiple perspectives, accounts, and theories are respected. Eclectic thinking, drawing on and synthesizing multiple cultural traditions is encouraged. †¢Antiessentialism. A text (be it an individual word, a message, a concept, or any significant structure) has no inherent, essential meaning--no "one thing in common that makes us use the same word and which would give us the essence of the concept" (ibid., p. 74); rather, it is open to multiple interpretations. †¢Antifoundationalism. Truth and knowledge of it are not based on a fixed foundation of objective reality. Instead, truths are located in specific sociocultural contexts, outside of which no vantage point exists. †¢Antiscientism. In particu... ...The Postmodern Perspective on Home Economics History." Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences 92, no. 1 (2000): 81-84. Sokal, A., and Bricmont, J. Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science. New York: Picador USA, 1998. Stufflebeam, D. L. "Conflicts between Standards-Based and Postmodernist Evaluations: Toward Rapprochement." Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education 12, no. 3 (September 1998): 287-296. Thomas, R. M. "A Glossary of Postmodern Educational Terms." 1997. (ED 410 577) Tisdell, E. "Poststructural Feminist Pedagogies: The Possibilities and Limitations of Feminist Emancipatory Adult Learning Theory and Practice." Adult Education Quarterly 48, no. 3 (Spring 1998): 139-156. Usher, R.; Bryant, I.; and Johnston, R. Adult Education and the Postmodern Challenge: Learning beyond the Limits. New York: Routledge, 1997.

A Role of the Women Essays -- Literary Analysis, A Raisin In the Sun

The Role of a Woman In a Raisin in the Sun is a play about a family that lives on the South side of Chicago, a section of the city Hansberry once described as â€Å" a place apart†, where â€Å" each piece of our living is a protest â€Å". After the death of Walter Young (Big Walter), his wife, Lena (Mama), is the beneficiary of a $10,000 insurance policy. The money will be used to provide for the family’s future. Race, race relation and big Walter’s insurance money supply the thematic context for Hansberry’s play; but the Younger family is, essentially, searching for its place within American society. Hansberry once pointed out that even a â€Å"Negro family â€Å"has â€Å"many gradations as we see in a Raisin in the Sun the women portray the progression women have had from one generation to the next. Mama is prominent traditional black feminist role. Park stated that a very strong and pervasive female culture has survived within black communities, but its role has been disguised by negative â€Å"matriarchy† arguments of white and black men (4).The black mother situates black feminism in the place where it is ordinarily and traditionally practiced by black women; in the home. While part of the mainstream, academic feminist agenda has dermphasized mothering as an important part of women’s lives, to do so with black women would be to dismiss a traditional locus of black female power. Parks stated that in a Raisin in the Sun Niara Sudarkasa produced a body of a thropological work which presents the female – centered household as the Afrocentrically traditional form (5).Parks stated that the full bodied and strong, she is one, of those women of a certain grace and beauty who wear it so unobtrusively that it takes a while to notice †¦. Being a woman who has adju... ...e â€Å"side hustles†, the postmodern equivalent of Ruth laundry service, operated out of the home. â€Å"The black women’s role in the physical survival and is growth for her sake and her family’s sake (6). Ruth role is a house wife trying to stand by her husband side. In a Raisin in the Sun the three women plays an important part of the play. Each woman repents a different kind of generation. Mama repents the old fashion kind of women black in her days well on the other hands Beneatha repents the new women. Well is just in the middle of Mama and Beneatha so that would make Ruth a combination of both. As we see in a Raisin in the Sun the women portray the progression women have had from one generation to the next. The women in a Raisin in the Sun have a lot of new, old and in the middle kind of women that portray the progression from generation to generation.